მომხმარებელი:Nanuka sunny
1880-iani wlebis safrangeTSi impresionizmma xeli Seuwyo mxatvrobis ufro radikaluri, individualuri mimdinareobebis Camoyalibebas. mniSvnelivani winsvla hqonda sam mxatvars – gogens, sezansa da seras.
impresionizmi franguli xelovnebis sadavo, magram Zalian gavlenian skolas warmoadgenda. daZlia Tu ara pirveli uaryofiTi damokidebyleba, impresionizmi mxatvrobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul stilad iqca. aAxalgazrda mxatvrebi uaryofdnen maTi uSualo winaprebis faseulobebs da xelovenebis sakuTari originaluri asaxvis Seqmnas cdilobdnen.
aAm kontrrevoluciuri moZraobis sami yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo franguli mxatvrobis momavali legendebi – pol sezani, JorJ sera da pol gogeni. ingliselma kritikosma rojer fraim (1866-1934) pirvelma ixmara termini “postimpresionalizmi”, romelic asaxavda am sami mxatvris Semoqmedebas da, aseve maTi Tanamedrove holandieli xelovnis, vinsent van gogis naxatebs.
JorJ sera
postimpresionistTAa Soris JorJ sera (1859-1891) iyo erTaderTi, vinc yvelaze axlos iyo impresionizmis originalur niSnebTaAn. rasakvirvelia, impresionistebis msgavsad, mxatrobaSi masac izidavda parizuli zafxulis dReebi, saRamos garTobebi, yoveldRiuri cxovreba, sanapiro zolis peizaJebi da a.S. SedarebiT SeZlebuli mSoblebis Svili, sera ar zrunavda saarsebo saSualebebze da amitom, mTel Tavis energiasa da dros mxatvrobas uTmobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom karieris dasawyisSi man ori weli mxolod Sav-TeTri ferebiT xatvas dauTmo, cdilobda ra daexvewa tonebis Sexameba. mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo man ferebis gamoyeneba.
ferTa gamoyenebis serasmieri midgoma iyo mecnieruli da daxelovnebuli. misi xelovnebis ZiriTad mcnebas “optikuri narevi” warmoadgenda. igi, Cveulebriv ki ar urevda ferebs palitraze. Aramed tilozeve aTavsebda ori sxvadasxva feris wertilebs erTmaneTTan axlos. Sexedvisas es ori feri TiTqosda erwymoda erTmaneTs da ufro brwyinvale efeqts qmnida. Aseti wertilebis raodenoba mas daTvlili hqonda suraTis zomisa da misi daTvalierebis manZilis mixedviT. mxatvrobis am “gulmodgine” teqnikas “puantilizmi” ewoda. mis klasikur nimuSs ki “sakvirao gaseirneba kunZul grand-Jatze” (1884-86) warmoadgens.
mas Semdeg, rac ferebi Seiswavla, seram mTeli yuradReba xazebze gadaitana. mas sjeroda, rom zustad gaTvlil xazebs specifikuri emociebis gamoxatva SeeZloT. magaliTad, zemoT mimarTuli xazi gamoxatavda bednierebas, qvemoT daSvebuli – sevdas, xolo horizontaluri xazebi – simSvides.
pol gogeni mSvidi da meToduri serasgan gansxvavebiT, pol gogeni (1848-1903) iziarebda van gogis mosazrebebs da sjeroda, rom mxatvroba Sinagani emociebis gamomxatveli unda iyos. Van gogis Tanamoazre iyo, aseve, samyaros srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT. Gogenis swrafva egzotikisaken aixsneba peruSi gatarebuli bavSvobiT, Tumca axalgazrdobis wlebi, yvelasgan gansxvavebiT, uCveulo viTarebaSi gaatara. igi iyo mezRvauri, xolo Semdeg, birJis makleri. Mas xuTi Svili hyavda. mTeli ojaxiT igi sagareubno saxlSi dasaxlda, parizTAn axlos. 35 wlis asakSi, rodesac gogenma miaRwia profesiul da finansur winsvlasa da stabilurobas, man axali hobi – mxatvroba airCia. A am gatacebas ki Tavi veRaAr daaneba da 1886 wels pont-avenSi (bretani), mxatvarTa koloniaSi dasaxlda. Igi moxibluli darCAa iq gabatonebuli primitiuli, Tumca Rrmad religiuri cxovrebis stiliT. Mis naxatSi “moCveneba qadagebis Semdeg” gogenma scada, gadmoeca sulebis da demonebis uxilavi samyaro. swored am dros Tqva man uari impresionizmze da tiloze ferebis ganlagebis Taviseburi teqnika SeimuSva. primitivizmis siyvarulma gogeni Soreul qveynebSi gaamgzavra, sadac metad bunebrivsa da idealur sazogadoebas eZebda. misi cxovrebis ukanaskneli 12 weliwadi ase ganawilda: drois umetes nawils igi okeaniis kunZulebze (taiti, hivaoa) atarebda, xolo parizs xanmokle vizitebiT stumrobda. okeaniis kunZulebis mosaxleoba da cxovrebis stili misi didi Stagonebis wyarod iqca. okeaniis mcxovreblebs igi bunebasTan harmoniul kavSirSi xatavda.
pol sezani Tu gogeni cdilobda, gamoesaxa sulieri samyaro, pol sezani (1839-1906), piriqiT, materialuri samyaros gaanalizebas Seecada. Igi daibada eqs-an-provansSi, SeZlebul ojaxSi. 1860 wels sezani gaemgzavra parizSi, sadac gaecno impresionistebis namuSevrebs da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, Ria cis qveS xatvis gamocdilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom man ramdenime gamofenac ki moawyo impresionistebTAn erTad, sezani arasodes iziarebda maT mosazrebebs srulad. mas ainteresebda ferebis ara mudmivi cvalebadoba da Suq-Crdilis SemTxveviTi efeqtebi, aramed feradovani gamis kanonzomieri Seferadebebi da saganTa materialuroba. 1886 wels, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg, sezani didi qonebis memkvidre gaxda da mSobliur mamulSi, eqs-an-provansSi gadasaxlda. periferiis peizaJebi masSi Rrma Stagonebas iwvevda. marto sent-viqtuaris mTas man 60-mde naxati miuZRvna. mxatvari didxans amuSavebda erTsa da imave motivs, iswrafvoda bunebis sidiadis gaxsnisaken, cdilobda, Seeqmna formis mTlianoba. misi Teoriebi Semdegi TaobebisTvis Stagonebis sagans warmoadgenda. magaliTad, kubistebze didi gavlena moaxdina sezanis Cvevam – erTi sagani sxvadasxva kuTxidan warmoedgina. XX saukunis dasawyisSi iseTma xelovnebma rogorebic iyvnen pikaso, da braki, es idea ufro ganavrces da ganaviTares.
van gogi
vinsent van gogma yvela Tavisi Sedevri cxovrebis bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna. mTeli sicocxlis manZilze dauRalavad Sromobda manam, sanam fsiqikurad daavadda. Sabolood, fsiqikurma aSlilobam igi TviTmkvelelobamde miiyvana. dRes van gogi yvela drois erT-erT saukeTeso mxatvrad miiCneva.
cxovrebaSive, van gogma mxolod erTi namuSevari gayida. es iyo “wiTeli venaxebi arlSi”, romelic mxatvarma, sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, 1890 wels, gayida sul raRAac 400 frankad. dReisdReobiT ki vinsent van gogis tiloebi fasdaudebelia. van gogma mTeli cxovreba saSinel siRAribeSi gaatara. mis elementarul saarsebo pirobebs misi umcrosi Zma Teo uzunvelyofda. magram miuxedavad siRaribisa, van gogi bednieri iyo imiT, rom mTel Tavis Zalebs mxatvroibaSi aqsovda. van gogis Semoqmedebaze didi gavlena moaxdines impresionistebma. gansakuTrebiT ki am mimarTulebis iseTma warmomadgenlebma, rogorebic iyvnen eduard mane, ogiust renuari da kamel pisaro. impresionistTa mizani iyo salonuri akademizmis daZleva da xelovnebaSi yoveldRiurobis silamazis da cocxali sinamdvilis damkvidreba. Ria cis qveS muSaobam impresionisteba saSualeba misca, aesaxaT buneba mTeli misi realuri sicxoveliT. sufTa ferebis erTmaneTTan SerwymiT da naTeli feradovani gamiT impresionistebma miaRwies imas, rom maTi naxatebi bevrad moqnili da cocxali yofiliyo. Van gogma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyena ra impresioizmis ZiriTAdi principebi, gaaRrmava da metad ganaviTAara xelovnebis es mimdinareoba. Van gogis da misi Tanamedrove mxatvrebis – pol gogenis, pol sezanis, JorJ seras da edgar degas Semoqmedebas mogvianebiT postimpresionizmi ewoda.
aAxalgazrdobis wlebi
vinsent van gogi daibada 1853 wlis 23 marts holandiis patara qalaq grotziunterdSi. misi mama iyo protestanti mRvdeli, xolo deda – mxatvrebis ojaxis warmomadgeneli.
16 wlis asakSi van gogma dedis daxmarebiT muSaoba samxatvro-savaWro firmis komisionerad daiwyo haagaSi. 1874 wels igi miavlines londonSi, sadac mas Seuyvarda saxlis mepatronis qaliSvili. Siyvarulma mas guli aucrua samsaxurze, ris gamos van gogi daiTxoves da saxlSi daabrunes. 1876 wels igi brundeba inglisSi da londonis erT-erT skolaSi gadasaxadebis amkrefad iwyebs muSaobas. magram xalxis siRaribem Zalian daTrguna van gogi da uari Tqva amgvar samsaxurze.
vinsenti saxlSi brundeba da mamis msgavsad mRvdlobas apirebs, Tumca mas uWirs swavla. Sabolood van gogi qristianobis msaxuri xdeba da RaribebTan muSaobs. 1878 wels belgiis qalaq boniJaSi Cadis, sadac van gogi maRaroelTa mZime cxovrebas gaicnobs. Igi mTlianad Caefloba Tavis saqmeSi, daarigebs mTel Tavis qonebas da sacxovreblad patara dangreul qoxSi gadava. madlobis sanacvlod, 1880 wels vinsents samsaxuridan daiTxoven.
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba van gogs didad ar udardia Tavisi gaTavisuflebis gamo. Aamjerad man mxatvrobis Seswavla gadawyvita da haagisa da antverpenis samxatvro akademiebSi ismenda leqciebs. 1885 wels van gogi miemgzavreba parizSi. vinsenti Tavis umcros ZmasTAan, TeosTan erTad monmartrze dabinavda. komunaluri gadasaxadebi Teom sakuTar Tavze aiRo. Tavdapirvelad impresionizmma ver pova farTo gavrceleba parizSi da am mimdevrobis bevri warmomadgeneli iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina qalaqi. Tumca, parizSi rCebodnen iseTi Semoqmedebi, rogorebic iyvnen sezani, tuluz-lotreki da sera. maT didi gavlena moaxdines van gogisa da misi megobari axalgazrda mxatvrebis Semoqmedebaze. Van gogi dauaxlovda aseve pol gogens, romelmac gauziara mas Sinagani grZnobebis tiloze gamosaxvis miseuli xedva.
Qalaq overis eklesia. aRniSnuli naxati van gogma 1890 wlis gazafxulze Seqmna. misi funjis gansakuTrebuli individualuri teqnikis wyalobiT, naxats meti sicocxele da moqniloba etyoba.
simTvralis Secdoma van gogi ver moergo parizul cxovrebas da did dros uTmobda smas. man iaponuri graviura Seiswavla da parizidan wasvla gadawyvita, radgan miaCnda, rom am xelovnebis srulyofa ufro mSvid garemoSi unda ecada. Aam mizniT, 1888 wels van gogi miemgzavreba safrangeTis samxreT provinciaSi, arlSi, romelic marselis axlos mdebareobs. male van gogma iq bevri megobari SeiZina, erT-erTi iyo fostis TanamSromeli roulini, romelic xSirad akiTxavda mas “yviTel saxlSi”. es iyo adgili, sadac vinsenti weliwadze meti cxovrobda. van gogi dReSi 16 saaTi muSaobda. xSirad RamiT, saRebavebiTa da molbertiT datvirTuli van gogi mindors miaSurebda, raTAa ukeT gamoesaxa mTvaris Suqi Tavis naxatebSi. van gogi ocnebobda, Camoeyalibebina mxatvarTa sazogadoeba da TviT gogenic daiyolia, gawevrianebuliyo am sazogadoebaSi. 1888 wlis oqtomberSi gogenma marTlac CamoakiTxa vinsents, magram maleve maT Soris gaugebroba moxda da kamaTis Sedegad isini daSordnen erTmaneTs. gogens miaCnda, rom van gogi Zalian mZime xasiaTis, arapatiosani pirovneba iyo. vinsents ki piriqiT, gogeni warmoedgina zedmetad qedmaRal pirovnebad.
SeSlili maTi uTAanxmoeba qristeSobis dResaswaulis wina dReebSi gamZafrda, rodesac van gogma boTli esrola pol gogens DADADADAda Semdeg samarTebliT Tavs daesxa. SeSinebulma gogenma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. naxevrad SeSlil mdgomareobSi myofi van gogi ki iqamde mivida, rom marjvena yuris nawili moiWra. xsenebuli incidentis Semdeg van gogma gaiazra, rom srul sigiJemde cotaRa aklda da Tavisive nebiT sen-remis SeSlilTa TaavSesafars miakiTxa samkurnalod. mkurnalobis periodSi man 200-mde namuSevari Seqmna. xalxma igi SeSlilad aRiara da saqveynod dascinoda, rasac veRar gauZlo da 1890 wels gadasaxlda parizis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, mxatvarTa qalaq over-suruazSi. aAq van gogma patara kafes Tavze iqirava oTaxebi da dRedaRam muSaobda.
fataluri gasrola
aseT aqtiur reJims van gogis fsiqikam veRar gauZlo. 1890 wlis 27 ivliss, kvira dRes, igi qalaqgareT gaemgzavra da iaraRiT mkerdSi daiWra Tavi. daWrilma vinsentma moaxerxa saxlSi dabruneba, sadac mTeli Rame Cibuxis mowevaSi gaatara. samSabaT dRes, SuadRis pirvel saaTze, van gogi wina RamiT miyenebuli Wrilobisgan gardaicvala. im droisTvis igi 37 wlis ucnobi mxatvari iyo, dReisaTvs ki van gogi XIX saukunis erT-erT yvelaze saukeTeso mxatvrad aris aRiarebuli.
yviTeli van gogis sayvareli feri iyo. Tavis cnobil “mzesumzirebSi” mxatvari yviTel fers gadaWarbebiT xmarobs.
1888 weli, nacionaluri gaelerea, londoni
Ramis kafe arlSi
“van gogis sawoli oTaxi arlSi” mxatvarma Seqmna 1889 wels. aRniSnuli naxatri miekuTvneba im namuSevrebis ricxvs, romlebic van gogma pol gogenze StabeWdilebis mosaxdenad Seqmna . man Sedevrs daarqva – “gonebis gantvirTva, anu warmosaxva” van gogis skami
pol gogenis savarZeli
Tevzis Wera gazafxulze
pon de kliSi.
“varskvlavebiani Rame” 1888 weli nacionaluri galerea, londoni
“veluri vardebi”
nanuka giglemiani, X3 klasi, 2007 weli
Sedevrebi
pol gogeni (1848-1903)
“moCveneba qadagebis Semdeg” (1888),
Sotlandiis erovnuli galerea;
“yviTeli qriste” (1889)
olbraitis galerea, bufalo;
“saidan varT Cven? vin varT Cven? dDa ras vapirebT? (1897) saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumi, bostoni;
“TeTri cxeni” (1898)
orses muzeumi, parizi.
pol sezani (1839-1906)
“banqos moTamaSeebi” (1890-92)
kurtos instituti, londoni;
“qali yavis finjaniT” (1890-94)
orses muzeumi, parizi;
“vaSlebi da forToxlebi” (1895-1905)
orses muzeumi, parizi.
JorJ sera (1859-91) “sakvirao gaseirneba kunZul grand-Jatze” (1884-86) xelovnebis instituti, Cikago; “aRlumi” (1888) metropoiltenis xelovnebis muzeumi, niu-iorki; “cirki” (1890-91) orses muzeumi, parizi.
van gogi (1853-1890) “kartofilis mWamelebi” (1885) van gogis muzeumi, amsterdami; “mzesumzirebi” (1888) nacionaluri galerea, londoni “avtoportreti” (1890) Jeu de Paume, parizi; “kviparosebi xorblis mindorSi” (1889) nacionaluri galerea, londoni;